If a car wants to run fast, it must have strong power. At present, the power system of automobile can be roughly divided into natural intake system and supercharged intake system. In European sports cars, except BMW, which still insists on using natural intake engines, other automotive companies have adopted supercharging systems in order to improve the power performance of vehicles. For example, Mercedes-Benz uses mechanical supercharging system, while Sambo is the pioneer of turbocharger. In recent years, turbocharger technology has been widely used in Japanese automobiles. The natural intake system does not have any supercharger installed, but uses the negative pressure generated by the downward piston to suck in the mixture. Although the natural intake system can get a large horsepower output through the variable valve timing system, the power improvement is limited. In order to increase the output power of the engine effectively, the turbocharger system is the most effective way.
The most common engine turbocharger systems are mechanical turbocharger and exhaust gas turbocharger.
Mechanical supercharger
The engine uses mechanical means to drive the mechanical supercharger to supercharge, which is called mechanical supercharger. When the engine uses mechanical turbocharger, the engine crankshaft usually drives the turbocharger through gears. The turbocharger generally adopts centrifugal or Roots compressor, and the screw compressor is used in some cases. In recent years, a new type of mechanical scroll supercharger has been adopted abroad. Because the driving compressor consumes a certain output power of the engine, the thermal efficiency of the turbocharged engine is not necessarily improved, sometimes it is lower than that of the non-turbocharged internal combustion engine. When choosing the boost pressure, the average effective pressure should be guaranteed first, and the fuel consumption rate should be as low as possible. These two requirements are often contradictory for mechanical supercharging. If the average effective pressure is pursued, the mechanical efficiency will inevitably decrease and the fuel consumption rate will increase. Therefore, the best compromise between power and fuel consumption should be found in the selection of boost pressure value. Mechanical supercharger system is widely used in European vehicles at present. Because the turbocharger operates continuously under the drive of crankshaft, the turbocharger hysteresis phenomenon like turbocharger occurs immovably. Mechanical turbocharger can only increase the power output by about 10% and 20%, but the smoothness and continuity of turbocharged engines are not as good as those of Turbocharged engines.
Exhaust gas turbocharger
Turbocharger driven by engine exhaust energy is called exhaust turbocharger (referred to as turbocharger). The exhaust turbocharger system is shown in the figure. The characteristic of exhaust turbocharger is that there is no mechanical connection between turbocharger and engine. They are connected by air. Because the work consumed by the compressor is part of the energy recovered by the turbine from the exhaust gas, the turbocharged engine can not only increase the power of the engine, but also improve its thermal efficiency and reduce fuel consumption. If a Turbo or T sign is seen at the rear of the car, it indicates that the engine used in the car is turbocharged. Turbocharger is actually an air compressor. It uses the inertia of exhaust gas from the engine to propel the turbine. The turbine also drives the coaxial impeller to compress the air from the air filter pipeline, so that the air can be pressurized and entered into the cylinder. When the engine speed increases, the exhaust gas exhaust speed and the turbine speed also increase synchronously, the impeller compresses more air into the cylinder, and the increase of air pressure and density can burn more fuel. The output power of the engine can be increased by increasing the fuel volume and adjusting the engine speed accordingly.
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